Multi-layer ceramic heater element and method of making same

ABSTRACT

A ceramic heater element and a glow plug incorporating the novel heater element. The heater element has a base portion and a heater portion. Conductive, insulative and resistive layers extend through both the base and heater portions. An outer conductive layer is applied to the outside of the base portion to provide a highly conductive return path. This lends to limit the heating of the resistive layer in the base portion and results in better and more reliable heat concentration in the heater portion. The heater element is further provided with a waterproof non-electrically conductive outer layer. The heater element can be assembled to form a glow plug for a diesel engine.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to ceramic heater elements. In particular, thisinvention relates to ceramic heater elements, and methods of manufacturetherefor, such as ceramic heaters used in high-temperature a glow plugsfor diesel engines.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

It is well known to manufacture ceramic glow plugs having amulti-layered construction. Examples of such conventional glow plugs aredescribed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,742,209, 5,304,778 and 5,519,187. Ingeneral, these glow plugs have a ceramic heater with a conductive coreenclosed by insulative and resistive ceramic layers, respectively. Thelayers are separately cast and fitted together. The resulting green bodyis then sintered to form a ceramic heater. Such ceramic heaters sufferseveral drawbacks. Used in a glow plug, they experience cyclic heatingand cooling, which results in high internal stresses at the interfacialjunction between the ceramic layers, promoting eventual failure of theglow plugs. To reduce this failure rate, such ceramic heaters tend to becycled at lower temperatures than would be optimal in a diesel engine.

The internal stresses of a layered glow plug are mainly the result ofdifferences in the coefficients of thermal expansion between thedifferently composed layers. The different layers of the glow plugexpand and contract at different rates. Further, residual stresses arethe result of manufacture, particularly from uneven contraction in thecooling period which occurs below the plastic deformation state of theceramic composition, and from non-uniform attachment between the layers.

A ceramic heater that has reduced internal stress is described in U.S.patent application Ser. No. 08/882,306, filed Jun. 25, 1997. Thisapplication discloses a ceramic heater that is slip cast as a unitarybody with a graduated composition in the interfacial boundary zones.While the ceramic heater described in this application has reducedinternal stresses, it has been found to be difficult to manufacture tothe stringent standards required of such heaters. In particular, thelayer thicknesses are difficult to control precisely, and even minordiscrepancies can lead to widely varying heat output in the finalheater. Precise control of heating characteristics, and limiting heatinglosses in the base portion of the heater element, is important if theceramic heaters are to be mass produced for vehicle and enginemanufacturers.

Additionally, it has been found that the performance of prior ceramicheater elements can be affected by moisture.

It is, therefore, desirable to provide a ceramic heater element thatovercomes the disadvantages of the prior art. In particular, it isdesirable to provide a ceramic heater element that has low internalthermal stresses, precisely controllable and reproducible heatingcharacteristics that are focussed mainly to the heating tip of theelement and that is more resistant to the effects of moisture.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

Generally, the present invention provides a ceramic heater element and aglow plug incorporating a novel heater element. The heater element has abase portion and a heater portion. Conductive, insulative and resistivelayers extend through both the base and heater portions. An outerconductive layer is applied to the outside of the base portion toprovide a highly conductive return path. This tends to limit the heatingof the resistive layer in the base portion and results in better andmore reliable heat concentration in the heater portion. A waterproofnon-conductive outer layer is provided over the outer surface of theheater element. The heater element can be assembled to form a glow plugfor a diesel engine.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the ceramic heaterincludes a base portion with a heater portion formed at one end. Theheater portion has a lesser diameter than the base portion. The baseportion and heater portion each having a conductive ceramic layer and aresistive ceramic layer, which are separated by an insulative ceramiclayer except at a tip of the heater portion where they are electricallyconnected. The base portion further has an outer conductive ceramiclayer in electrical contact with the resistive ceramic layer. Awaterproof outer layer of non-electrically conductive ceramic extendsover the base and the heater portions. An optional central conductivecore can be included in this heater, which extends substantially thelength of the base portion.

In a further embodiment of the present invention, there is provided aglow plug for a diesel engine, employing the above-described heaterelement. The glow plug has a metallic housing, including a barrel and atapered sleeve. A ceramic heater element, having a base portion taperedto wedgingly fit within the sleeve, is mounted within the housing. Theheater element has a heater portion formed at an end of the baseportion. The heater portion has a lesser diameter than the base portion,and generally extends beyond the housing. The base portion and heaterportion each having a conductive ceramic layer and a resistive ceramiclayer, which are separated by an insulative ceramic layer except at atip of the heater portion where they are electrically connected. Thebase portion further has an outer conductive ceramic layer in electricalcontact with the resistive ceramic layer. A waterproof non-electricallyconductive outer layer extends over the base and the heater portions. Anoptional central conductive core can be included in this heater, whichextends substantially the length of the base portion.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

An embodiment of the present invention will now be described, by way ofexample only, with reference to the attached Figures, in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross sectional view of a ceramic heater elementaccording to an embodiment of the present invention, sectioned along itslongitudinal axis;

FIG. 2 is a schematic cross sectional view of the ceramic heater elementaccording of FIG. 1, along the line A—A;

FIG. 3 is a schematic cross sectional view of the ceramic heater elementaccording to FIG. 1, along the line B—B;

FIG. 4 is a cross section of a glow plug according to the presentinvention; and

FIG. 5 is a cross section of a further embodiment of the heater elementof the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention will be now be described with reference to FIGS. 1and 2. A schematic view of a ceramic heater element according to a firstembodiment of the present invention is shown in cross-section along itslongitudinal axis in FIG. 1, and in cross-section along line A—A in FIG.2. The heater element is not shown to scale and is generally designatedat reference numeral 10.

Element 10 consists of a base portion 20 and a heater portion 22. Baseportion 20 and heater tip portion 22 form a generally cylindrical heaterelement that is thicker in diameter through base portion 20 and tapersto a thinner diameter heater portion 22. As is well known to those ofskill in the art, base portion 20 is typically sized to be received in ametal housing, including appropriate electrical contacts, to form a glowplug for a diesel engine. As described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,880,432,entitled “Electric heating device with ceramic heater wedgingly receivedwithin a metallic body”, the contents of which are incorporated hereinby reference, one means of forming base portion 20 is to taper baseportion 20 to permit it to be wedged into a suitable metal housing. Itis fully within the contemplation of the present inventor that baseportion 20 of heater element 10 can be so formed, but the presentinvention can be employed advantageously with any ceramic heaterelement, regardless of its particular shape and dimensions.

As is well know in to those of skill in the art, heater portion 22 has alesser diameter than base portion 20. This results in a higherresistance in heater portion 22, and, consequently, a higher heatoutput. Thus, heating of element 10 is ideally concentrated in heaterportion 22.

Referring to the preferred embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, baseportion 20 is formed of six layers of ceramic material. As is wellknown, the composition of the layers differs, particularly in the amountof conductive ceramic component such as MoSi₂, such that the electricalconductivity of the different layers can be controlled. Beginning at thecentre, base portion 20 consists of an inner electrically conductivecore 24, an electrically conductive layer 26, an electrically insulativelayer 28, an electrically resistive layer 30, an outer electricallyconductive layer 32 and an outer insulative waterproof layer 38.Generally, base portion 20 also includes hole 4 that permits connectionto an electrical lead (not shown) when element 10 is assembled as a glowplug. For the purposes of description, conductive layer 26 and resistivelayer 30 are differentiated. However, as will be further describedbelow, these two layers have similar characteristics, and any heatingascribed to resistive layer 30 can be equally well accomplished inconductive layer 26.

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 3, heater portion 22 is formed of four layersof ceramic material. Beginning again at the innermost layer, heaterportion 22 consists of conductive layer 26, insulative layer 28,resistive layer 30 and an outer insulative waterproof layer 38. Thedistal end of heater portion 22 is formed into a tip 36 that forms anelectrical connection between conductive layer 26 and resistive layer30.

Generally, the ceramic material forming the various layers is selectedfrom the group comprising Si₃N₄, Y₂O₃, silicon carbide, aluminumnitride, alumina, silica and zirconia. These non-conductive ceramicmaterials are then doped with one or more conductive components selectedfrom the group comprising MoSi₂, TiN, ZrN, TiCN and TiB₂. The percentconcentration of the conductive component, in conjunction with the layerthickness, determines the resulting conductivity of the ceramicmaterial. A sintering additive from about 10 to about 0 percent byvolume can also be included. The sintering additive includes yttrium,magnesia, calcium, hafnia and others of the Lanthanide group ofelements. The conductive and non-conductive components are supplied asfinely ground particles. Optimally, the particles can range in size fromabout 0.2 to about 0.8 microns. The finely ground components are mixedand suspended in a solvent, such as water, to form a slurry. A suitabledeflocculant, such as ammonium polyacrylate, known commercially asDARVAN C™ can also be added.

In a preferred embodiment, the non-conductive ceramic material is Si₃N₄and the conductive component is MoSi₂. Inner core 24 can have 41-80 vol.% MoSi₂, conductive layer 26 can have 30-45 vol. % MoSi₂, insulativelayer 28 and waterproof outer layer 38 can have 0-28 vol. % MoSi₂,resistive layer 30 can have 30-45 vol. % MoSi₂, and outer layer 32 canhave 41-80 vol. % MoSi₂.

While this preferred embodiment has been described as having an innerconductive core 24, it is contemplated by the present inventor thatheater element 10 can be formed of five layers, without a core. In thiscase, conductive layer 26 also occupies the volume of conductive core24. The advantage that core 24 is presently believed to provide toheater element 10 is an improved conduction of electricity through baseportion 20 to concentrate heat development in heater portion 22. It isalso contemplated that heater element 10 can include a core that extendsbeyond the length of base portion 20. For example, for certainapplications it can be desirable to have core 24 extend nearly to tip36.

Ceramic heater element 10 is preferably manufactured by slip casting,such as is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/882,306, thecontents of which are incorporated herein by reference. The methoddescribed therein is modified somewhat to incorporate the additionallayers: inner core 24 and outer layer 32. An absorbent, tubular mold,open at both ends, is provided. The mold can be fabricated from plasterof Paris or any other suitable absorbent material. In a preferredembodiment the mold is provided with a smaller inner diameter step toproduce element 10 having a relatively small diameter at heater portion22.

Generally, successive layers of element 10 are added to the mold fromthe tip 36 end. The method commences by laying down outer waterproofinsulative layer 38, then outer electrically conductive layer 32, andthen forming resistive layer 30. Next, insulative layer 28 is formed inthe mold. It has been found, in a standard sized heater element, thatinsulative layer 28 needs to be at least 0.3 mm to provide an effectiveelectrically insulative barrier between resistive layer 30 andconductive layer 26. And finally, conductive layer 26 is formed in awell known manner. Inner core 24 is then injected into the mold from theopposite end of the mold such that it extends substantially the lengthof base portion 20. Connecting hole 34 can be formed in inner core 24 atthis time. To form an integral electrical connection between conductivelayer 26 and resistive layer 30, tip 36 of the green body is reformedby, for example, applying low intensity vibrations from an ultrasonicwand to tip 36 before the green body is removed from the mold. The lowintensity vibrations cause the particles at the tip to be blended intoan electrically conductive tip joining the inner and outer volumes. Oncethe liquid phase has been substantially absorbed through the walls ofthe mold, the green body with a reformed tip is removed from the moldand allowed to air dry.

Alternatively, the ceramic heater element 10 can be formed by commencingwith resistive layer 30, and continuing as described above. Then priorto sintering the green body, it is dipped into a conductive ceramicslurry to form outer layer 32. This results in very thin coating ofconductive material that covers base portion 20. Next, the green body isdipped into an insulative ceramic body to form outer waterproofinsulative layer. As is well known, the green ceramic body is thensintered and polished to produce element 10. Casting outer layer 32 ispresently preferred, as greater control of the layer 32 thickness isachieved.

Referring to FIG. 4, element 10 can then be assembled to form a glowplug assembly 40, as described in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No.5,880,432. Element 10 is inserted into a metallic housing 42 consistingof a barrel 44 and a sleeve 46. Sleeve 46 is tapered to match the outertaper of base portion 20 such that element 10 is wedgingly held in placewithin housing 42. A conductive wire 48 is inserted into hole 34 ofelement 10, and element 10 and wire 48 are secured in place by fillingbarrel 44 with an epoxy, or other fixant suitable for operation in acorrosive, high temperature atmosphere. Barrel 44 is then sealed withconnector cap 50.

As can be seen from FIG. 4, sleeve 46, and hence housing 42, is inelectrical contact with outer layer 32, while wire 48 is in electricalcontact with inner core 24. In operation, an electrical potential isapplied across housing 42 and conductive wire 48. This causes anelectrical current to flow from conductive wire 48 through conductiveinner core 24 to conductive layer 26. The current then flows throughresistive layer 30 at the exterior of heater portion 22, and returnsalong outer layer 32 to housing 42. As the current flows throughresistive layer 30 in the region of heater portion 22, it heats heaterportion 22 to a temperature sufficient for diesel fuel ignition.Experimental testing of element 10 has resulted in repeated cycling toheater temperatures in the range of 1500° C. without failure of theelement 24. As will be understood by those of skill in the art, the highconductivity of outer layer 32 results in little current flow throughthe resistive layer 30 in the base portion 20, thus limiting the heatingof the base portion, and improving the concentration of heat in theresistive layer 30 of heater portion 22.

Referring to FIG. 5, a further embodiment a ceramic heater element ofthe present invention is shown and generally designated at referencenumeral 60. This embodiment differs from the first embodiment in that ithas no inner core. Instead conductive layer 26 fills the interior volumeof element 10 and forms the inner core. Generally, this four layerceramic heater element 60 relies on the conductive layer 26 to carry theelectrical current to heater portion 22. The slightly less efficientresistivity of layer 26 results in slightly lower operatingtemperatures, typically in the range of 1300° C., but has the benefit oflowering the production costs of the ceramic heater elements.

As will be appreciated by those of skill in the alt, the ceramic heaterelement of the present invention has a number of advantages over theprior art. The four or five layer structure and and outer layer 32result in a more efficient concentration of heat at heater portion 22,and enhances the stability and uniformity of the ceramic heaterelements. The non-conductive waterproof outer layer 38 further enhancesperformance by protecting the heater element and minimizing the effectsof atmospheric moisture on the electrical properties of the heaterelement. Consequently, this results in the manufacture of fewer rejectedpieces, thereby lowering production costs and increasing profit. Theconcentration of heat also results in a heater element that can berepeatedly cycled to approximately 1300-1500° C., which is a significantimprovement over prior art ceramic heater elements which typicallyoperate at 900-1100° C.

Although the disclosure describes and illustrates the preferredembodiments of the invention, it is understood that the invention is notlimited to these particular embodiments. Many variations andmodifications will now occur to those skilled in the art. For definitionof the invention, reference is made to the appended claims.

1. A ceramic heater element comprising: a base portion; and a heaterportion formed at an end of the base portion, the heater portion havinga lesser diameter than the base portion; the base portion and heaterportion each having a conductive ceramic layer and a resistive ceramiclayer, the conductive ceramic layer and resistive ceramic layer beingseparated by an insulative ceramic layer except at a tip of the heaterportion wherein the conductive ceramic layer and resistive ceramic layerare electrically connected, and the base portion further having an outerconductive ceramic layer in electrical contact with the resistiveceramic layer; a waterproof outer layer over said base portion and saidheater portion, said waterproof outer layer being of a non-electricallyconductive ceramic.
 2. An element according to claim 1, wherein each ofthe conductive, resistive, insulative and waterproof layers includes anon-electrically conductive ceramic component selected from the groupconsisting of Si₃N₄, silicon carbide, aluminum nitride, alumina, silica,and zirconia.
 3. An element according to claim 2, wherein saidconductive ceramic layer has a composition containing 30-45 vol. %electrically conductive ceramic component chosen from the groupconsisting of MoSi₂, Y₂O₃, TiN, ZrN, TiCN and TiB₂.
 4. An elementaccording to claim 1, wherein each of the conductive, resistive,insulative and waterproof layers includes a sintering aid component. 5.An element according to claim 2, wherein the resistive ceramic layer hasa composition containing 30-45 vol. % electrically conductive ceramiccomponent chosen from the group consisting of MoSi₂, TiN, ZrN, TiCN andTiB₂.
 6. An element according to claim 2, wherein the insulative ceramiclayer and waterproof outer layer has a composition containing 0-28 vol.% electrically conductive ceramic component chosen from the groupconsisting of MoSi₂, Y₂O₃, TiN, ZrN, TiCN and TiB₂.
 7. An elementaccording to claim 2, wherein the outer conductive layer has acomposition containing 41-80 vol. % electrically conductive ceramiccomponent chosen from the group consisting of MoSi₂, TiN, ZrN, TiCN andTiB₂.
 8. An element according to claim 1, further including a innerconductive ceramic core extending substantially the length of the baseportion.
 9. An element according to claim 8, wherein the innerconductive ceramic core has a composition containing 41-80 vol. %electrically conductive ceramic component chosen from the groupconsisting of MoSi₂, Y₂O₃, TiN, ZrN, TiCN and TiB₂.
 10. An elementaccording to claim 1, wherein the conductive layer, the resistive layer,the insulative layer and the waterproof outer layer are slip cast toform a green body.
 11. An element according to claim 10, wherein thegreen body is dipped into a conductive ceramic slurry to form the outerconductive layer and subsequently dipped into a non-electricallyconductive ceramic slurry to form the waterproof outer layer.
 12. Anelement according to claim 10, wherein the outer conductive layer andwaterproof outer layers are cast layers.
 13. A glow plug for a dieselengine, comprising: a metallic housing, the housing including a barreland a tapered sleeve; a ceramic heater element mounted within thehousing, the heater element having a base portion tapered to wedginglyfit within the sleeve, and a heater portion formed at an end of the baseportion, the heater portion having a lesser diameter than the baseportion, the base portion and heater portion each having a conductiveceramic layer and a resistive ceramic layer, the conductive ceramiclayer and resistive ceramic layer being separated by an insulativeceramic layer except at a tip of the heater portion wherein theconductive ceramic layer and resistive ceramic layer are electricallyconnected, and the base portion further having an outer conductiveceramic layer in electrical contact with the resistive ceramic layer;the base portion and heater portion further having an outer waterprooflayer of non-electrically conductive ceramic; and, means to apply anelectric potential across the conductive layer and the resistive layer.14. A glow plug according to claim 12, wherein each of the conductive,resistive, insulative and waterproof layers includes a non-electricallyconductive ceramic component selected from the group consisting ofSi₃N₄, silicon carbide, aluminum nitride, alumina, silica, and zirconia.15. A glow plug according to claim 13, wherein said conductive ceramiclayer has a composition containing 30-45 vol. % electrically conductiveceramic component chosen from the group consisting of MoSi₂, Y₂O₃, TiN,ZrN, TiCN and TiB₂.
 16. A glow plug according to claim 13, wherein eachof the conductive, resistive, insulative and waterproof layers includesa sintering aid component.
 17. A glow plug according to claim 13,wherein the resistive ceramic layer has a composition containing 30-45vol. % electrically conductive ceramic component chosen from the groupconsisting of MoSi₂, Y₂O₃, TiN, ZrN, TiCN and TiB₂.
 18. A glow plugaccording to claim 13, wherein the insulative and waterproof ceramiclayers have a composition containing 0-28 vol. % electrically conductiveceramic component chosen from the group consisting of MoSi₂, Y₂O₃, TiN,ZrN, TiCN and TiB₂.
 19. A glow plug according to claim 13, wherein theouter conductive layer has a composition containing 41-80 vol. %electrically conductive ceramic component chosen from the groupconsisting of MoSi₂, Y₂O₃, TiN, ZrN, TiCN and TiB₂.
 20. A glow plugaccording to claim 13, further including a inner conductive ceramic coreextending substantially the length of the base portion.
 21. A glow plugaccording to claim 20, wherein the inner conductive ceramic core has acomposition containing 41-80 vol. % electrically conductive ceramiccomponent chosen from the group consisting of MoSi₂, Y₂O₃, TiN, ZrN,TiCN and TiB₂.